General Chemistry
Conversion Factors Table
Conversion factors in chemistry and physics are unit fractions that relate different units of the same physical quantity (such as length, mass, volume, energy) or connect amounts of different substances.
Length
| 1 m = 100 cm | 1 km = 1000 m |
| 1 cm = 10 mm | 1 m = 1000 mm |
| 1 dm = 10 cm | 1 dam = 10 m |
| 1 hm = 100 m | 1 km = 100 dam |
| 1 inch (in) = 2.54 cm | 1 foot (ft) = 12 inches |
| 1 yard (yd) = 3 ft | 1 mile (mi) = 1760 yd |
| 1 mile (mi) = 5280 ft | 1 km ≈ 0.621 mi |
| 1 m ≈ 3.28 ft | 1 m ≈ 1.094 yd |
| 1 cm = 0.01 m | 1 mm = 0.001 m |
| 1 micrometer (μm) = 1×10⁻⁶ m | 1 nanometer (nm) = 1×10⁻⁹ m |
| 1 angstrom (Å) = 1×10⁻¹⁰ m | 1 picometer (pm) = 1×10⁻¹² m |
| 1 nautical mile = 1852 m | 1 cable = 185.2 m |
| 1 light-year ≈ 9.46×10¹⁵ m | 1 parsec ≈ 3.09×10¹⁶ m |
| 1 AU = 149,597,870,700 m | 1 light-second = 299,792,458 m |
| 1 thou = 0.001 inch | 1 ft = 30.48 cm |
| 1 cm ≈ 0.3937 in | 1 yd = 0.9144 m |
| 1 m ≈ 39.37 in | 1 mi = 1609.34 m |
| 1 km = 100,000 cm | 1 dm = 0.1 m |
| 1 fathom = 6 ft = 1.8288 m | 1 league ≈ 4828 m |
Mass
| 1 kg = 1000 g | 1 g = 1000 mg |
| 1 UTM = 9807 g | 1 slug = 14.59 kg |
| 1 metric ton (t) = 1000 kg | 1 arroba (@) = 25 lb |
| 1 lb = 453.6 g | 1 lb = 16 oz |
| 1 u (atomic mass unit) = 1.66×10⁻²⁷ kg | 1 troy ounce = 31.1 g |
| 1 oz = 28.35 g | 1 carat = 0.2 g |
| 1 quintal (qq) = 4 @ | 1 metric quintal = 100 kg |
| 1 short ton (US) = 2000 lb | 1 long ton (UK) = 2240 lb |
| 1 metric ton ≈ 2205 lb | 1 kg ≈ 2.205 lb |
| 1 g = 1,000,000 μg | 1 mg = 1000 ng |
| 1 ton = 1,000,000 g | 1 kg = 1,000,000 mg |
| 1 troy pound = 12 troy oz | 1 troy oz ≈ 31.103 g |
| 1 grain = 64.8 mg | 1 kg ≈ 15,432 grains |
| 1 metric carat = 200 mg | 1 t = 1000 kg |
| 1 kg = 10 hg | 1 hg = 100 g |
| 1 dag = 10 g | 1 dg = 0.1 g |
| 1 cg = 0.01 g | 1 g = 1,000,000 ng |
| 1 μg = 1×10⁻⁶ g | 1 ng = 1×10⁻⁹ g |
| 1 pg = 1×10⁻¹² g | 1 fg = 1×10⁻¹⁵ g |
| 1 Mg = 1000 kg = 1 metric ton | 1 g = 10 dg |
| 1 lb = 0.4536 kg | 1 oz = 0.0625 lb |
| 1 arroba ≈ 11.5 kg (varies) | 1 long ton = 1.016 metric tons |
| 1 short ton = 0.907 metric tons | 1 slug = 32.174 lb |
| 1 UTM = 9.80665 N·s²/m | 1 kip = 1000 lb (force) |
Volume
| 1 cm³ = 1 mL = 1 cc | 1 dm³ = 1 L |
| 1 m³ = 1000 L | 1 m³ = 1000 dm³ |
| 1 L = 1000 mL | 1 kL = 1000 L |
| 1 US gallon = 3.785 L | 1 UK gallon = 4.546 L |
| 1 US gal = 4 quarts | 1 US quart = 0.946 L |
| 1 US pint = 0.473 L | 1 UK pint = 0.568 L |
| 1 US fluid ounce = 29.57 mL | 1 UK fluid ounce = 28.41 mL |
| 1 oil barrel = 42 US gal | 1 barrel ≈ 159 L |
| 1 UK barrel = 163.66 L | 1 US beer barrel = 117.35 L |
| 1 ft³ = 28.32 L | 1 in³ = 16.39 mL |
| 1 yd³ = 0.7646 m³ | 1 acre-foot = 1233.48 m³ |
| 1 US cup = 240 mL | 1 metric cup = 250 mL |
| 1 tablespoon ≈ 15 mL | 1 teaspoon ≈ 5 mL |
| 1 hL = 100 L | 1 daL = 10 L |
| 1 μL = 0.001 mL | 1 nL = 10⁻⁹ L |
| 1 m³ = 35.31 ft³ | 1 ft³ = 0.02832 m³ |
| 1 L = 61.02 in³ | 1 US bushel = 35.24 L |
| 1 UK bushel = 36.37 L | 1 peck = 8.81 L |
| 1 US bucket = 18.93 L | 1 UK bucket = 22.73 L |
| 1 tun = 954 L | 1 pipe = 477 L |
Time
| 1 hr = 60 min = 3600 s | 1 min = 60 s |
| 1 week = 7 days | 1 day = 24 hr |
| 1 common year = 365 days | 1 leap year = 366 days |
| 1 decade = 10 years | 1 century = 100 years |
| 1 millennium = 1000 years | 1 s = 1000 ms |
| 1 s = 1,000,000 μs | 1 s = 10⁹ ns |
| 1 s = 10¹² ps | 1 s = 10¹⁵ fs |
| 1 average month ≈ 30.44 days | 1 lunar month ≈ 29.53 days |
| 1 tropical year ≈ 365.2422 days | 1 sidereal year ≈ 365.2564 days |
| 1 astronomical hour = 15° | 1 full rotation = 360° |
| 1 arcminute = 1/60° | 1 arcsecond = 1/3600° |
| 1 day = 86,400 s | 1 week = 168 hr |
| 1 common year = 52 weeks + 1 day | 1 leap year = 52 weeks + 2 days |
| 1 lustrum = 5 years | 1 trimester = 3 months |
| 1 semester = 6 months | 1 ms = 1000 μs |
| 1 μs = 1000 ns | 1 ns = 1000 ps |
| 1 ps = 1000 fs | 1 century = 10 decades |
| 1 millennium = 10 centuries | 1 week = 10,080 min |
| 1 workday = 8 hr (typical) | 1 commercial year = 360 days (finance) |
Pressure
| 1 atm = 760 mmHg | 1 atm = 76 cmHg |
| 1 atm = 760 torr | 1 atm = 14.7 psi |
| 1 atm = 10.33 m H₂O | 1 atm = 101,325 Pa |
| 1 atm = 1.01325 bar | 1 bar = 100,000 Pa |
| 1 bar = 14.5 psi | 1 bar ≈ 750 mmHg |
| 1 Pa = 1 N/m² | 1 psi = 1 lbf/in² |
| 1 psi = 6894.7 Pa | 1 lbf/ft² = 47.88 Pa |
| 1 gf/cm² = 98.06 Pa | 1 kgf/cm² = 98,066.5 Pa |
| 1 kgf/cm² = 14.22 psi | 1 kgf/cm² = 0.9807 bar |
| 1 MPa = 10⁶ Pa | 1 MPa = 10 bar |
| 1 MPa = 145 psi | 1 torr = 133.322 Pa |
| 1 mmHg = 133.322 Pa | 1 m H₂O = 9806.65 Pa (at 4°C) |
| 1 atm ≈ 1.013 bar | 1 bar ≈ 0.987 atm |
| 1 psi ≈ 51.715 torr | 1 Pa ≈ 1.4504×10⁻⁴ psi |
| 1 kPa = 1000 Pa | 1 kPa = 0.145 psi |
| 1 atm = 33.898 ft H₂O | 1 ft H₂O = 2989.07 Pa |
| 1 inHg = 3386.39 Pa | 1 in H₂O = 249.09 Pa |
| 1 bar = 100 kPa | 1 bar = 0.1 MPa |
| 1 torr = 1 mmHg (exactly 1/760 atm) | 1 atm = 1013.25 mbar |
| 1 mbar = 100 Pa | 1 mbar = 0.0145 psi |
Density
| 1 g/cm³ = 1000 kg/m³ | 1 g/cm³ = 1000 g/L |
| 1 kg/m³ = 0.001 g/cm³ | 1 g/L = 0.001 g/cm³ |
| 1 g/cm³ = 62.428 lb/ft³ | 1 kg/m³ = 0.062428 lb/ft³ |
| 1 lb/ft³ = 16.018 kg/m³ | 1 lb/in³ = 27,680 kg/m³ |
| 1 kg/L = 1000 kg/m³ | 1 kg/L = 1 g/cm³ |
| 1 g/mL = 1 g/cm³ | 1 t/m³ = 1000 kg/m³ |
| 1 g/cm³ = 361.27 oz/gal (US) | 1 g/cm³ = 433.92 oz/gal (UK) |
| 1 kg/m³ = 0.1335 oz/gal (UK) | 1 kg/m³ = 0.1111 oz/gal (US) |
| 1 lb/gal (US) = 119.83 kg/m³ | 1 lb/gal (UK) = 99.78 kg/m³ |
| 1 g/cm³ = 8.345 lb/gal (US) | 1 g/cm³ = 10.022 lb/gal (UK) |
| 1 slug/ft³ = 515.38 kg/m³ | 1 slug/m³ = 14.59 kg/m³ |
| 1 t/m³ = 1 kg/L | 1 g/dm³ = 1 kg/m³ |
| 1 kg/cm³ = 10⁶ kg/m³ | 1 mg/cm³ = 1 kg/m³ |
| 1 μg/L = 0.001 kg/m³ | 1 ppm (in water) ≈ 1 mg/L = 1 kg/m³ |
| 1 lb/yd³ = 0.5933 kg/m³ | 1 short ton/yd³ = 1334 kg/m³ |
| 1 long ton/yd³ = 1492 kg/m³ | 1 g/cm³ = 10⁶ mg/L |
| 1 kg/m³ = 1000 mg/L | 1 g/m³ = 1 mg/L |
| 1 grain/gal (US) = 17.118 mg/L | 1 grain/gal (UK) = 14.253 mg/L |
Force
| 1 newton (N) = 1 kg·m/s² | 1 N = 100,000 dynes |
| 1 N ≈ 102 gf | 1 N ≈ 0.102 kgf |
| 1 N ≈ 0.2248 lbf | 1 N = 7.233 poundals |
| 1 kgf = 9.80665 N | 1 kgf = 1000 gf |
| 1 kgf ≈ 2.2046 lbf | 1 kgf ≈ 70.93 pdl |
| 1 gf = 0.00980665 N | 1 gf = 980.665 dynes |
| 1 lbf = 4.44822 N | 1 lbf = 32.174 pdl |
| 1 lbf = 444,822 dynes | 1 lbf ≈ 0.45359 kgf |
| 1 poundal (pdl) = 0.138255 N | 1 pdl = 1 lb·ft/s² |
| 1 kip = 1000 lbf | 1 kip = 4448.22 N |
| 1 kip = 4.44822 kN | 1 kN = 1000 N |
| 1 metric ton-force = 1000 kgf | 1 tonf = 9.80665 kN |
| 1 US ton-force = 2000 lbf | 1 UK ton-force = 2240 lbf |
| 1 US tonf ≈ 8.896 kN | 1 UK tonf ≈ 9.964 kN |
| 1 daN = 10 N | 1 hN = 100 N |
| 1 MN = 10⁶ N | 1 d = 1 g·cm/s² |
| 1 dyne = 10⁻⁵ N | 1 sthène (sn) = 1000 N |
| 1 ounce-force (ozf) = 0.2780 N | 1 ozf = 1/16 lbf |
Area
| 1 m² = 10,000 cm² | 1 m² = 100 dm² |
| 1 m² ≈ 1.196 yd² | 1 m² = 1550 in² |
| 1 km² = 10⁶ m² | 1 hectare (ha) = 10,000 m² |
| 1 ha = 100 m × 100 m | 1 ha = 0.01 km² |
| 1 acre = 4046.86 m² | 1 acre = 4840 yd² |
| 1 acre = 0.4047 ha | 1 acre = 43,560 ft² |
| 1 mi² = 2.59 km² | 1 mi² = 640 acres |
| 1 ft² = 144 in² | 1 yd² = 9 ft² |
| 1 cm² = 100 mm² | 1 dm² = 100 cm² |
| 1 km² = 100 ha | 1 league² ≈ 4.44×10⁶ m² |
| 1 fanegada ≈ 6439 m² | 1 caballería (Cuba) ≈ 13.42 ha |
| 1 caballería (Mexico) ≈ 46.86 ha | 1 manzana (Nicaragua) = 7000 m² |
| 1 manzana (Chile, El Salvador) = 10,000 m² | 1 vara² ≈ 0.6987 m² |
| 1 mi² = 259 ha | 1 ha ≈ 2.471 acres |
| 1 m² ≈ 10.764 ft² | 1 ft² ≈ 0.0929 m² |
| 1 yd² ≈ 0.8361 m² | 1 in² = 6.4516 cm² |
| 1 cm² ≈ 0.155 in² | 1 km² = 10¹⁰ cm² |
| 1 mm² = 0.01 cm² | 1 dm² = 0.01 m² |
| 1 sitio ≈ 1.4×10⁶ m² | 1 alqueire (Brazil) ≈ 24,200 m² |
| 1 hectare = 100 ares | 1 are = 100 m² |
Velocity
| 1 km/h = 0.54 knots | 1 mi/h = 1.609 km/h |
| 1 m/s = 3.6 km/h | 1 m/s = 3.281 ft/s |
| 1 knot = 1.852 km/h | 1 knot = 1 nautical mile/hour |
| 1 mi/h = 0.447 m/s | 1 ft/s = 0.3048 m/s |
| 1 km/h = 0.2778 m/s | 1 yd/s = 0.9144 m/s |
| 1 km/h = 0.6214 mi/h | 1 mi/h = 5280 ft/h |
| 1 m/s = 3600 m/h | 1 nautical mile = 1.1508 mi |
| 1 mi/h = 1.467 ft/min | 1 knot = 1.688 ft/s |
| Speed of light = 1.079×10⁹ km/h | Mach 1 ≈ 1225 km/h (at sea level) |
| 1 cm/s = 0.036 km/h | 1 km/min = 60 km/h |
| 1 m/min = 0.06 km/h | 1 ft/min = 0.018288 m/s |
| 1 km/h = 16.667 m/min | 1 mi/min = 96.56 km/h |
| Speed of sound = 343 m/s | Mach 1 = 343 m/s (in air, 20°C) |
| 1 mph = 0.869 knot | 1 knot = 0.5144 m/s |
| 1 ft/s = 1.097 km/h | 1 yd/min = 0.0549 km/h |
| Speed of light = 299,792,458 m/s | 1 c = 1.079×10⁹ km/h |
Acceleration
| 1 m/s² = 3.281 ft/s² | 1 mi/s² = 1609 m/s² |
| 1 m/s² = 100 cm/s² | 1 ft/s² = 0.3048 m/s² |
| 1 m/s² = 3600 m/h/s | 1 km/h/s = 0.2778 m/s² |
| 1 ft/s² = 3600 ft/h/s | 1 yd/s² = 3 ft/s² |
| 1 cm/s² = 0.01 m/s² | 1 mi/h/s = 0.447 m/s² |
| 1 ft/min/s = 0.00508 m/s² | 1 yd/s² = 0.9144 m/s² |
| 1 mm/s² = 0.001 m/s² | 1 km/s² = 1000 m/s² |
| 1 g = 9.80665 m/s² | 1 knot/s = 0.5144 m/s² |
| 1 g = 32.174 ft/s² | 1 m/s² = 1 N/kg |
| 1 ft/s² = 0.3048 m/s² | Typical braking = 7 m/s² |
| Free-fall acceleration ≈ 9.8 m/s² |
Energy
| 1 kcal = 1000 cal | 1 cal = 4186 J |
| 1 J = 10⁷ ergs | 1 BTU = 252 cal |
| 1 kWh = 860 kcal | 1 kWh = 3.6×10⁶ J |
| 1 Wh = 3600 J | 1 eV = 1.6×10⁻¹⁹ J |
| 1 eV = 1.6×10⁻¹² erg | 1 MeV = 1.6×10⁻¹³ J |
| 1 cal = 4.186 J | 1 kcal = 4186 J |
| 1 BTU = 1055 J | 1 J = 0.239 cal |
| 1 erg = 10⁻⁷ J | 1 cal/s = 4.186 W |
| 1 metric HP (CV) = 735.5 W | 1 mechanical HP = 745.7 W |
| 1 HP = 2545 BTU/h | 1 refrigeration ton = 12,000 BTU/h |
| 1 refrigeration ton = 3.517 kW | 1 J = 1 W⋅s |
| 1 kJ = 1000 J | 1 MJ = 10⁶ J |
| 1 GJ = 1000 MJ | 1 TJ = 10¹² J |
| 1 international cal = 4.1868 J | 1 thermochemical cal = 4.184 J |
| 1 ft·lb = 1.3558 J | 1 J = 0.7376 ft·lb |
| 1 L·atm = 101.325 J | 1 barrel oil equivalent ≈ 5.8×10⁹ J |
| 1 ton TNT = 4.184×10⁹ J | 1 cal = 1.163×10⁻⁶ kWh |
| 1 BTU = 0.2931 Wh | 1 BTU = 1055.06 J |
Power
| 1 kW = 1000 W | 1 W = 1 J/s |
| 1 W = 14.33 cal/min | 1 W = 3.412 BTU/h |
| 1 W = 10⁷ erg/s | 1 HP = 745.7 W |
| 1 CV = 735.5 W | 1 HP = 550 ft·lb/s |
| 1 CV = 75 kgf·m/s | 1 HP = 2545 BTU/h |
| 1 refrigeration ton = 3.517 kW | 1 refrigeration ton = 12,000 BTU/h |
| 1 kW = 3412 BTU/h | 1 kW = 1.341 HP |
| 1 HP = 1.014 CV | 1 CV = 0.986 HP |
| 1 MW = 1000 kW | 1 GW = 1000 MW |
| 1 W = 0.860 kcal/h | 1 kW = 860 kcal/h |
| 1 BTU/h = 0.293 W | 1 cal/min = 0.0698 W |
| 1 ft·lb/s = 1.356 W | 1 kgf·m/s = 9.806 W |
| 1 W = 0.00134 HP | 1 W = 0.00136 CV |
| 1 MW = 1341 HP | 1 MW = 1360 CV |
| 1 BTU/s = 1055 W | 1 cal/s = 4.186 W |
| 1 kW = 1000 J/s | 1 erg/s = 10⁻⁷ W |
| 1 HP·h = 2.685×10⁶ J | 1 CV·h = 2.648×10⁶ J |
| 1 Wh = 3600 J | 1 kWh = 3.6×10⁶ J |